Coup Atlas Research Database
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09404251948SuccessfulRebel coup

Costa Rica, 1948 — rebel coup

Costa Rica (CRI)Central America, AmericasApril 25, 1948

Event Summary

On April 24, 1948, the government forces of Costa Rica surrendered to the rebel National Liberation Army led by Jose Figueres Ferrer, ending the roughly six-week Costa Rican Civil War, the country's bloodiest 20th-century conflict. The war had erupted in March after the Congress, controlled by outgoing President Teodoro Picado and his ally, former president Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia, annulled the February 1948 presidential election won by opposition candidate Otilio Ulate. Figueres, backing Ulate's victory, launched an armed uprising that defeated government and allied Communist forces.

Under the Pact of the Mexican Embassy, Picado's government stepped aside; Figueres headed a Founding Junta of the Second Republic for eighteen months, during which he abolished the army, before handing power to Ulate in 1949.

Researched Details

Researched

Independent research, added record by record. Hover any label for what it means.

Target identified in Coup Atlas research: Teodoro Picado Michalski, President of Costa Rica (government defeated; ceded power)
RESEARCHED NAME
Key figures
Jose Figueres Ferrer (rebel leader, headed the founding junta)
Teodoro Picado Michalski (sitting president whose government was defeated)
Rafael Angel Calderon Guardia (former president and Picado ally)
Otilio Ulate (opposition candidate whose election win was annulled, later president)

Sources

The Costa Rican Civil War, the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rica, was fought from 12 March to 24 April 1948 after the Legislative Assembly, dominated by Picado and Calderon Guardia, annulled the presidential election results.
SOURCE REVIEWED Wikipedia, "Costa Rican Civil War" open source ↗
The uprising was led by Jose Figueres Ferrer, whose forces defeated the government and its Communist allies, after which Figueres headed a founding junta and the country abolished its army.
SOURCE REVIEWED Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Jose Figueres Ferrer" open source ↗
The conflict arose when Congress annulled the February 1948 election won by opposition candidate Otilio Ulate over the Calderon-backed candidate, prompting Figueres to take up arms.
SOURCE REVIEWED Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Costa Rica - Civil war" open source ↗

Editorial Note

The Cline dataset codes 1948-04-25 as a successful rebel coup; sources place the government's surrender/end of fighting on 24 April 1948, so the dataset date corresponds to the immediate aftermath. Wikipedia and Britannica were read directly and agree that Figueres's rebel army defeated the Picado government over the annulled election, and that a founding junta followed. Some sources frame this as a civil war rather than a single coup event; the two framings describe the same seizure of power.

Cross-Reference

Only one dataset carries it. One of the three reference datasets we check against carries this event; the others do not list it. That is not a contradiction — the datasets cover different periods and use different thresholds — but it means the record has had less outside corroboration.

Identifiers for finding this same event in the other datasets:

Cline Center id
09404251948

How the match is made is described in crossref-report.md.

Outcome and Target

Coup Atlas research identifies the target as: Teodoro Picado Michalski, President of Costa Rica (government defeated; ceded power).

Baseline coding: Incumbent executive removed from power. Recorded leader fate: deposed; fled the country. The baseline file does not name individual targets; researched names are kept in a separate layer.

Baseline Dataset Citation

Cline Center Coup d’État Project Dataset, v2.2.2
Peyton, Buddy, Joseph Bajjalieh, Michael Martin, and Andrea Gerald. 2026. Cline Center Coup d’État Project Dataset. Cline Center for Advanced Social Research. V.2.2.2. February 17. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. doi: 10.13012/B2IDB-9651987_V10
⚑ This citation establishes the coded baseline record; use the claim-level sources above for the researched narrative.

Baseline Source-Document Entries

Wikipedia

Chicago Tribune

“Rebels enter capital, take over Costa Rica,” April 25, 1948

This is the citation trail carried by the baseline dataset, grouped by outlet and rejoined from the line-wrapped original. Coup Atlas has not independently re-checked every document; read the original before citing a specific claim. URLs the import damaged beyond safe repair are shown as plain text and listed in citations-report.md. How this list is built →

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